Leaky gut, AKA intestinal permeability, is one of the determining factors in diseases of the liver, which should be tolerant of the normal adaptive quantities of lipopolysaccharides (LPS, fragments of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls) that reach it (other parts of the immune system need to be more sensitive to LPS). If too much LPS reaches the liver because the gut barrier is weakened, or if the liver is made over-sensitive to LPS by factors such as steatosis and cholesterol accumulation, LPS activation of TLR4 can set in motion the immune cascades that lead to fibrosis and necrosis.
TLRs are sensors that amongst other things help orchestrate responses to both potential pathogens and symbiotic organisms. Having just had to replace one of the many sensors in my car that keeps the engine in tune and alerts me to problems, I'm thinking that might be an acceptable analogy for now. A defective sensor crippling the engine to alert me to a problem that doesn't exist is a bit like an allergic reaction, maybe.
Gut integrity is modulated by TLR2
Our findings suggest that dietary saturated fat plays a protective role against MCDD-induced steatohepatitis, whereas TLR-2 deficiency exacerbated NASH. The mechanism underlying the response to dietary fat and TLR-2 likely involves altered signalling via the TLR-4 pathway.
TLR2 is activated by saturated fat, inhibited by polyunsaturated fat.
Dietary saturated fat protects against LPS (endotoxin) activation of TLR4 in hepatic immune cells, but different SFAs achieve this in different ways.
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2013 Oct 10. [Epub ahead of print]
Dietary fat sources differentially modulate intestinal barrier and hepatic inflammation in alcohol-induced liver injury in rats.
Zhong W, Li Q, Xie G, Sun X, Tan X, Sun X, Jia W, Zhou Z.
Source
1University of North Carolina at Greensboro.
Abstract
Endotoxemia is a causal factor in the development of alcoholic liver injury. The present study aimed at determining the interactions of ethanol with different fat sources at the gut-liver axis. Male Sprague Dawley rats were pair-fed control or ethanol liquid diets for 8 weeks. The liquid diets were based on the Lieber-DeCarli formula, with 30% total calories derived from corn oil (rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids). To test the effects of saturated fats, corn oil in the ethanol diet was replaced by either cocoa butter (CB, rich in long chain saturated fatty acids) or medium chain triglycerides (MCT, exclusively medium chain saturated fatty acids). Ethanol feeding increased hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammatory cell infiltration, and perturbed hepatic and serum metabolite profiles. Ethanol feeding with CB or MCT alleviated ethanol-induced liver injury and attenuated ethanol-induced metabolic perturbation. Both CB and MCT also normalized ethanol-induced hepatic macrophage activation, cytokine expression and neutrophil infiltration. Ethanol feeding elevated serum endotoxin level, which was normalized by MCT but not CB. In accordance, ethanol-induced downregulations of intestinal occludin and ZO-1 were normalized by MCT but not CB. However, CB normalized ethanol-increased hepatic endotoxin level in association with upregulation of the endotoxin detoxifying enzymes argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1). Knockdown ASS1 in H4IIEC3 cells resulted in impaired endotoxin clearance and upregulated cytokine expression. These data demonstrate that the protection of saturated fats against alcohol-induced liver injury occur via different actions at the gut-liver axis and are chain length dependent.
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Meaning: Coconut oil MCTs (also found in butter/ghee and palm oil) normalised serum LPS level by repairing gut integrity, whereas cocoa butter protected the liver by enhancing the clearance or detoxification of LPS.![]()
Meaning: Coconut oil MCTs (also found in butter/ghee and palm oil) normalised serum LPS level by repairing gut integrity, whereas cocoa butter protected the liver by enhancing the clearance or detoxification of LPS.
Spirulina is a TLR2 agonist and protects against inflammation in chronic hepatitis C. Probiotic (Gram-positive) bacteria also protect the intestinal epithelium via TLR2;
All the Gram(+) strains increased the number of TLR-2+ cells and the Gram(−) strains [increased the number] of the TLR-4+ cells.
All the Gram(+) strains increased the number of TLR-2+ cells and the Gram(−) strains [increased the number] of the TLR-4+ cells.
VSL#3 is a popular probiotic mix approved for medical use in Europe ("VSL#3 is a probiotic mixture which has been frequently referred to in the literature, and contains live lyophilized Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus.").
Here is a very interesting new paper which compares, in a alcohol model of liver/gut disease, combinations of live VSL#3, heat-killed VSL#3, and l-glutamine (amino acid fuel preferred by enterocytes and protective thereof).
Results
Did you get that? The full text is a little different:
We found that both VSL#3 and heat-killed VSL#3 were as effective as
glutamine in the treatment of acute alcohol liver disease, whereas the combination of VSL#3
and glutamine therapy efficacy was more effective than either agent alone
So maybe - and this is backed up by other research - for some purposes the viability or resistance or age or condition of a probiotic supplement can be less important than the strains and number of organisms it contains. And yoghurt cooked into meals, which appears to be a common thing in countries where yogurt is a traditional food, with only Western faddists consistently fetishizing rawness, might have its medicinal uses too.
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| Lamb baked in yogurt |
Certainly, a probiotic need not make it alive all the way through the digestive tract to influence host immunity, and some of the objections commonly made in "evidence based" criticisms of probiotics are simply not relevant to some important probiotic modes of action.
"The probiotic paradox is that both live and dead cells in probiotic products can generate beneficial biological responses. The action of probiotics could be a dual one. Live probiotic cells influence both the gastrointestinal microflora and the immune response whilst the components of dead cells exert an anti-inflammatory response in the gastrointestinal tract."
So here we have a mixture of strategies to combine to repair a leaky gut and reduce consequent hepatic inflammation;
1) dietary saturated fats of both MCT and long-chain classes
2) l-glutamine
3) spirulina
4) viable live probiotic cultures (and prebiotic fibres)
5) killed probiotics, as well as live commensal species that do not easily colonise the gut